What Did Faneuil Hall Really Look Like? It’s Time We Found Out

01 Aug What Did Faneuil Hall Really Look Like? It’s Time We Found Out

Posted at 11:38h in Blog by

The second in a series of blog posts that focus on the exterior treatment of early American masonry structures, architectural historian, and co-founder of Archipedia New England, Brian Pfeiffer, suggests that the restoration choices of early preservationists on some of our greatest historic buildings today may not be as true to their origins as we think.

One of the great dangers of “restoration” is that it has been used in a poorly defined way for the past century, often altering an historic building to fit a romanticized notion of its original appearance.

Figure 1 – ca. 1856 view of Faneuil Hall (photo left) showing its masonry and woodwork painted [image courtesy of the Bostonian Society]

Mayor James Michael Curley sought the major restoration of historic Faneuil Hall in 1923 in order to remove the unsightly coat of paint which covers the brick walls. At the urging of the Boston Society of Architects, architect Ralph Adams Cram was engaged to plan and supervise the project. Noted for his work in the Arts & Crafts style, Cram developed a specification requiring that the outside walls be treated with sandblast to remove all paint and to restore the bricks to their color of (1742).

Figure 2 – Faneuil Hall with swing staging and scaffolds during repainting ca. 1890 [image courtesy of Historic New England]

Cram’s work fundamentally changed the building’s appearance in a way that may well have offended the eyes of its builders and changed the behavior of its soft pre-industrial materials. His mistake? He stripped the colonial building of its exterior paint in the belief bricks should be exposed as an honest expression of traditional craftsmanship. In the process, he specified a method of paint removal that ripped away part of the protective fired outer skin. No one seem have asked the question of whether painting was an original finish or if it had some functional purpose.

During this same period other landmarks such as the Old South Meeting House and Old State House were stripped of their paint. These actions were not guided by historical research or examination of existing paint layers, but rather by notions of the picturesqueness of handmade materials materials that would generally have been painted or plastered by their makers. These decisions set a path followed by thousands of others to the detriment of pre-industrial masonry buildings throughout New England.

Figure 3 – Faneuil Hall (ca. 1916-1924) as it may have appeared before its paint was removed – postcard view of a colorized black & white photograph [Image courtesy of the Bostonian Society]

Paint removal deprived Faneuil Hall of the strong classical appearance that its original pilasters and Doric entablature once provided when seen against an evenly colored background. Instead, the building’s classical trimmings now appear as refined decoration on a flecked and tweedy base of irregularly colored red brick. Similar work done at the Brick Market (1762) in Newport, Rhode Island created an even more discordant contrast between the building’s original classical design and its modern appearance. In both cases, modern re-pointing has failed to reproduce the neatly struck lines of mortar joints which also served to create the illusion of greater regularity than handmade bricks provide.

The loss of coatings is not only an aesthetic concern. Coatings of lime wash, paint and plaster have long histories in pre-industrial Britain and the United States to reduce the amount of moisture absorbed into walls of soft-fired brick and to absorb moisture across wide surfaces to promote speedy evaporation. Surviving examples can be seen in New England on walls that have been protected from weather, such as the former west gable end of the Spencer-Peirce-Little House (ca. 1690) in Newbury, Massachusetts. Builders guides of the nineteenth century advised that the thickness of a wall could be reduced if the wall were coated. With the protective skin of the bricks damaged by sandblasting and their softer, more absorptive cores exposed, the building is more vulnerable to damage from an increasingly violent climate.

 

Figure 4 – view of brick surfaces damaged by 1923 sandblasting (photo left) and original brick surfaces protected from sandblasting (photo right)

 

Figure 5 – brick with fragmentary paint evidence and original fired surfaces protected from 1923 sandblasting